Integrity
Publication ethics & editorial policies
The journal adheres to the Core Practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Editorial Independence
Decisions rest solely on merit, free from commercial, political, or institutional influence.
Authorship
Limited to substantial contributors; no guest, gift, or ghost authorship. Changes need all authors' consent.
Plagiarism
Screened on every submission; similarity below 10% excluding references and quotations.
AI Use
AI may assist language editing but cannot be an author; substantial use must be disclosed and verified by authors.
Corrections & Retraction
Errors handled through linked corrections; serious problems through COPE-compliant retraction.
Expression of Concern
Issued where well-founded concerns are under investigation, then resolved.
Image & Data Integrity
No selective image manipulation, fabrication, or falsification; raw data retained for verification.
Citation Integrity
No coercive or manipulative citation; references must be scholarly and relevant.
Appeals & Complaints
Handled fairly by the Editor-in-Chief; unresolved matters escalate to the publishing body.
Editorial policies in full
1. Editorial independence. Editorial decisions rest solely on scholarly merit, originality, validity, and relevance, free from commercial, political, or institutional influence. The Editor-in-Chief has full authority over editorial content and timing, and recuses themselves from any manuscript in which they have a competing interest.
2. Peer review ethics. Reviewers treat every manuscript as confidential, do not share or misuse it, do not enter it into generative AI tools, provide objective and timely assessments, and declare conflicts of interest before accepting an assignment.
3. Authorship. Authorship is limited to substantial contributors who approve the final manuscript and accept accountability. Any change to the author list requires the written agreement of all authors and the editor's approval. Guest, gift, and ghost authorship are not permitted.
4. Conflicts of interest. All authors, reviewers, and editors disclose any financial or non-financial interests that could be perceived to influence the work. Disclosure ensures transparency and does not automatically disqualify a submission.
5. Corrections. Honest errors that do not affect the core findings are addressed through a published, dated correction (erratum/corrigendum) linked to the original article, which remains in place.
6. Retraction. An article is retracted when its findings are seriously unreliable, or in cases of misconduct, redundant publication, unethical research, or compromised peer review, following COPE's retraction guidelines. A linked retraction notice states the reason; the article is retained and clearly marked as retracted.
7. Expression of concern. Where there is well-founded but inconclusive evidence of a problem, or an investigation is ongoing, the journal issues a linked Expression of Concern, later replaced by a correction, retraction, or exoneration.
8. Research and publication misconduct. Misconduct includes plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, image manipulation, citation manipulation, redundant publication, and undisclosed conflicts. Allegations are investigated confidentially using COPE flowcharts; outcomes may include rejection, correction, retraction, notification of the author's institution, and a bar on future submissions.
9. Plagiarism and text similarity. All submissions are screened. The similarity index must not exceed 10% (excluding the bibliography, properly attributed quotations, and standard methodological descriptions), with no single source contributing a significant portion. Self-plagiarism is also unacceptable.
10. Image manipulation. Images must reflect the original data. Whole-image adjustments to brightness, contrast, or colour are acceptable only if they do not obscure, remove, or introduce features. Selective enhancement, cloning, splicing, or deletion is prohibited; authors retain original files.
11. Data fabrication and falsification. Inventing or manipulating data is among the most serious forms of misconduct. Authors retain raw data and provide it for verification on request; a data availability statement is required in every article.
12. Citation manipulation. Citations must be scholarly and relevant. Coercive citation — requiring authors to cite an editor's, reviewer's, or the journal's work as a condition of acceptance — is prohibited.
13. Appeals. Authors may appeal to the Editor-in-Chief with a point-by-point response and clear grounds. The Editor-in-Chief may uphold, seek further review, or overturn the decision. Appeals are considered one at a time; the final decision is binding.
14. Complaints. Complaints about process, ethics, or the editorial office go to the Editor-in-Chief, are acknowledged promptly, and are investigated fairly. Unresolved matters escalate to the publishing body (Department of Commerce, Bareilly College), following COPE guidance.
15. Post-publication discussion and versioning. The version of record is definitive; changes are made only through a correction, retraction, or expression of concern, each linked to the original and dated.
16. Allegations against editors. These are handled by the publishing body independently of the editor concerned, who is excluded from any related decision.
This policy set is maintained by the Editorial Office and aligned with COPE Core Practices. The current version is stated in the footer.